Online Extras Fall 2018

"A Fight Over Identity: Native American Sports Mascots" by Kelly Young

Footnotes

1. Mark Naymik, “Watch Indians Fans Go Off On Chief Wahoo Protesters,” Cleveland.com, April 11, 2017, https://www.cleveland.com/naymik/index.ssf/2017/04/watch_indians_fans_go_off_on_c.html.
2. Sam Allard, “Why Chief Wahoo is Still Grinning: Protests Against the Cleveland Indians’ Racist, Red-Faced Caricature Never Work. They Just Make its Supporters Stronger,” Slate, Oct. 28, 2016, http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2016/10/why_the_protests_against_chief_wahoo_never_work.html.
3. King, Redskins 62.
4. Casey Ryan Kelly, “Representations of Native Americans in the Mass Media,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, 14 Jun. 2018, http://communication.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-142.
5. C. Richard King & Charles Fruehling Springwood (eds.), “Introduction: Imagined Indians, Social Identities, and Activism,” in Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 3.
6. C. Richard King, Redskins: Insult and Brand, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 62.
7. Kelly, 23-24.
8. Erik Stegman and Victoria Phillips, “Missing the Point: The Real Impact of Native Mascots and Team Names on American Indian and Alaska Native Youth,” Center for American Progress, July 2014, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/StegmanAIANmascots-reportv2.pdf.
9. Mary Landreth. “Becoming the Indians: Fashioning Arkansas State University’s Indians,” in Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy, eds. C. Richard King & Charles Fruehling Springwood (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 60.
10. King and Springwood, 3. As Robert F. Berkhofter argues, these representations are Euro-American constructions that have little grounding in real Native American and indigenous identities. See The White Man’s Indian (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).
11. Several excellent and recent books make this very argument. For example, see James V. Fenelon, Redskins? Sports, Mascots, Indian Nations, and White Racism (New York: Routledge, 2016) and King, Redskins.
12. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists, 4^th ed. (Lantham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 1.
13. John Nauright, “’A Besieged Tribe?’: Nostalgia, White Cultural Identity and the Role of Rugby in a Changing South Africa,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 31, no. 1 (1996): 69.
14. Paul J. Zingg, “Diamond in the Rough: Baseball and the Study of American Sports History,” The History Teacher 19, no. 3 (1986): 387-388.
15. Warren Goldstein, Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball, 20^th Anniversary ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 3.
16. Carol Spindel, Dancing at Halftime: Sports and the Controversy over American Indian Mascots, (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 18-19.
17. King, Redskins xiii.

18. Jackson B. Miller, “‘Indians,’ ‘Braves,’ and ‘Redskins’: A Performative Struggle for Control of an Image,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 85 (1999): 189.